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Nations Matter: Culture, History and the Cosmopolitan Dream, by Craig Calhoun
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Craig Calhoun, one of the most respected social scientists in the world, re-examines nationalism in light of post-1989 enthusiasm for globalization and the new anxieties of the twenty-first century. Nations Matter argues that pursuing a purely postnational politics is premature at best and possibly dangerous.
Calhoun argues that, rather than wishing nationalism away, it is important to transform it. One key is to distinguish the ideology of nationalism as fixed and inherited identity from the development of public projects that continually remake the terms of national integration. Standard concepts like 'civic' vs. 'ethnic' nationalism can get in the way unless they are critically re-examined – as an important chapter in this book does.
This book is essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of sociology, history, political theory and all subjects concerned with nationalism, globalization, and cosmopolitanism.
- Sales Rank: #2468757 in Books
- Published on: 2007-06-08
- Released on: 2007-04-19
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 11.00" h x .57" w x 8.50" l, .84 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 248 pages
About the Author
New York University, USA
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant study of nationalism's good side
By William Podmore
Craig Calhoun is Professor of the Social Sciences at New York University. His new book is a major contribution to political theory and sociology and to current debates on globalisation, cosmopolitanism and nationalism.
He covers nationalism and ethnicity, nationalism and civil society, nationalism and community, nationalism and cultures of democracy, and Hans Kohn's distinction of ethnic and civic nationalism. He shows that nations are not `imagined communities', `invented traditions', or the products of `false consciousness', all idealisms. Nations are not primordial, primitive, ethnic communities either.
Nationalism was in origin a project of liberation. As Calhoun writes, "The emancipation of the nation from empire and dynasty went hand in hand with the emancipation of the person from subjection to patriarchy, religion, and village custom." He notes that nationalism can mobilise people for war, but also for democracy, liberty, equality and fraternity.
He shows how nationalism is a form of social solidarity, offering potential for integration across lines of ethnic and other differences. It is also crucial to most existing democracies, organising the primary arenas for popular political participation. He praises national liberation movements, which fought not only external oppression but also brought much wider ranges of people into the political process.
He observes that nationalism helps to mobilise collective commitment to the social institutions created by generations of struggle, such as schools and health services. Nationalism underpins current struggles to defend such institutions - and the very idea of the public good - against privatisation.
National struggles are also viable forms of resistance to capitalist globalisation and its `fantastically unequal and exploitative terms', global capital markets and unequal terms of trade, which all compromise nations' sovereignty.
He notes, "European integration ... is often sold to voters as a necessary response to the global integration of capital. In Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, a similar economistic imaginary is deployed to suggest that globalization moves of itself, and governments and citizens have only the option of adapting."
But there is an alternative to global capitalism, and a positive, progressive form of nationalism, a workers' nationalism that defends national sovereignty, is a key part of it.
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Nations matter, but so what?
By M. A. Krul
It is not immediately clear whether "Nations Matter", a collection of articles on nationalism by NYU chair of social sciences Craig Calhoun, is a defense of nationalism, a criticism of nationalism, a defense of the concept of nations, or something else. Much of the discussion of nationalism in this book, for an important part a literature review on the subject, is too vague and abstract to read it as a clear statement of any kind. Nonetheless, Calhoun does make a few important points that bear repeating.
Firstly, he argues quite correctly against the often-heard claim on the part of cosmopolitan liberals that the supposedly new globalization has made nation-states obsolete or powerless. Although Calhoun does not really offer any evidence against this (much more empirical and precise criticisms have appeared in leftist critiques of this viewpoint), it is definitely worth reiterating: capitalism, at least for now, operates in and through nation-states, and always has. Indeed financial capital sometimes tries to defeat the power and independence of nation-states to restrain it, but this is inherent in this particular form of capital, which is not synonymous with capital as a whole; industrial capital, for example, is very bound to the specifics of any given nation-state's policies, which "outsourcing" only reinforces.
Secondly, and more interestingly, Calhoun emphasizes how nationalism historically has been a process that was a part of the rise of the capitalist world, and as such both presupposes centralization of power, time, and standards, as well as individualism. Often cosmopolitan liberal theorists and even leftist thinking people consider nationalism to be inherently opposed to individualism, but this is wrong: as Calhoun explains, nationalism was originally a claim against the 'organically' ordered societies of localism and caste and rank, instead focusing on a centralized power standardizing an entire market, and as markets do, presupposing the essential equality and individualism of each citizen. Calhoun in fact is at his best when describing the way capitalism, through nationalism, engendered the move from being a person of a particular caste and particular family and clan connections to being a citizen, i.e., an equal individual inhabitant of a nation-state.
Nonetheless, this book is not a very useful or interesting overview of theories on nationalism or any real contribution to the subject. Because all the parts of the collection are articles written for different journals and the like, the result is that it is very repetitive, with the same point and the same quotations appearing again and again in a slightly different formula (it is the practice of modern academia that makes this necessary for many professors, unfortunately). All too often Calhoun doesn't seem to know what he wants to defend or argue either, conflating nationalism with 'identification with a nation-state' or even 'using the concept of a nation-state analytically'. The best readable part of the book is an essay on the liberal Zionist political thinker Hans Kohn, with whom I was not familiar before. But if one wants a clear historical analysis of nationalism with an idea of whether it should be defended or not, this is not the book to read.
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