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Between the ending of the Great War and the start of the Second World War in 1939, the Royal Navy remained the largest in the world. But with the League of Nations seeming to offer a solution to all future conflicts, a country weary of war and without an obvious enemy there seemed no need for a large battlefleet. The strategic focus shifted eastwards, to Japan, with its growing battlefleet as the new threat to the British Empire and to the Royal Navy's supremacy.
From 1924 a strategic plan, War Memorandum (Eastern), was written and refined. The plan called for the Royal Navy, still the largest in the world, even after the Washington Naval Treaties, to move eastwards to a defended base at Singapore, cut off Japan and force her battlefleet into a decisive fleet battle.
As a strategy War Memorandum (Eastern) had many flaws. Its real importance lay in the fact that it provided a justification for the Royal Navy to maintain its leading position in the world and to be in the forefront of the development of new tactical thinking. Through planning for a war with Japan the Royal Navy was able to test its readiness for a future war. Many of the lessons learnt during this period were ultimately put to good use against a different foe in 1939.
- Sales Rank: #3873025 in Books
- Published on: 2004-07-04
- Released on: 2006-04-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 11.00" h x .65" w x 8.50" l, 1.04 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 288 pages
Review
There is some useful information found between [the book's] hard covers. --International Journal of Maritime History
About the Author
Andrew Field gained an MPhil at the University of Leeds on the subject of the Royal Navy during the 1920s and 1930s. He is trained as a teacher and has run history departments in Suffolk schools since 1977.
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Important Topic That Has Been Forgotten to History and Needs More Research
By NavyTim
Royal Navy Strategy in the Far East 1919-1939 is an excellent description of Britain's strategic dilemma in the Far East after WWI. This is a topic that was of immense strategic importance at the time but has receded from the collective conscience with the decline of the British Empire. This subject in importance would have ranked right up there with Cold War US/USSR strategic analysis and the British East of Suez policies. National security experts may begin to revisit this topic due to concerns about China
From its beginning British strategic plans had to take into account its small population and reliance on a strong navy. This strategy required an avoidance of long wars against continental powers unless there was a continental power as an ally and the avoidance of permanent alliances that would require British commitment of land forces. This practice of a reliance on a strong navy was put into law with the codification of the two power standard in 1889 that specified the Royal Navy strength must be equal to the next two largest navies combined. In the early 20th century as the continental power Germany which already surpassed British military strength began to build a navy designed to surpass the Royal Navy the British sought an alliance with the continental power and historical foe France. This alliance known as the Entente Cordiale marked a change from permanent alliance with a continental power. The result of this alliance was the commitment of large numbers of troops to WWI and the subsequent losses. The Royal Navy had during this period of competition with Germany had found the Two Power Standard impossible to maintain and changed the standard to a navy with the number of ships being 1.6 the number in the German navy. Following WWI the Royal Navy greatly exceeded in numbers of ships all the other navies of the world. However, they were in debt and could not afford to replace the ships one for one. The British needed a defense strategy that recognized that they could not maintain a superior fleet in all the world's oceans. The Singapore Strategy was devised to address their strategic defense needs with a reduced fleet and lower defense expenditures.
The book's description of the decline in Britain's ability to project force into the Far East matches the decline of Britain as a global power. The two stories go hand in hand and it was interesting to see Britain try to reconcile its declining power to the satisfaction of required imperial defense. It also should serve as a cautionary tale to the US that military power ultimately rests on economic power. The US has recently been surpassed as China as the world's largest economy. A policy whereby a nation ignores its economy and does not make investments in its economy and then asks that economy to support too great a military burden in the end results in the decline of that nation.
Britain exited WWI with a navy that far exceeded the strength of any other nation on Earth and more then met the Two Power Standard. It also exited WWI deep in debt to the US among others. The Japanese were an ally of Britain as a signatory on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 and had provided valuable naval assistance to the Allies in WWI in the Pacific and Mediterranean. Japan had seized German colonies north of the Equator in the Pacific which had been accepted by the British. Both Australia and the US had passed discriminatory laws prohibiting Japanese immigration which angered the Japanese and was a concern as to its effect on the alliance among the British.
Prior to WWI the British had maintained a squadron with a few battleships in the Far East as was prioritized in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. With the rise of Germany the British denuded the region of naval assets except for a small number or cruisers and destroyers as they relied on Japanese supremacy after the Russo Japanese War. Following WWI the Royal Navy identified Japan as a potential adversary at least partly for budgetary reasons so as to give themselves a fleet to justify construction. The US was seen as an impossible opponent for racial reasons and due to its economic strength as well as being owed war debt. The British initial plan for the Far East was all about avoiding the Russian Baltic Fleet experience in the Russo-Japanese War. The British planned to stock pile coal/oil along the route to Singapore and build up that base so as to support a fleet in the Pacific.
Following WWI a naval arms race began to develop between the US, Britain and Japan. Britain needed to build new warships and in particular battleships to replace aging worn out ships. The US with its decision to not join the League of Nations and seek collective security decided to build a navy "second to none". Japan embarked on an 8 battleship and 8 battle cruiser plan to provide it regional security. The British recognized the futility of trying to out build the US which it was still indebted too and sought a naval arms limitation treaty. Japan which at this point was also a believer in collective security recognized the futility in trying to out build the US and accepted a 10:10:6 ratio between the US, Britain and Japan respectively at the Washington Naval Arms Conference.
The Washington Treaty with its fortification limitation clause in the western Pacific guaranteed the US/UK/Japan regional dominance in the western hemisphere, eastern Atlantic/Mediterranean and the Far East, respectively. Britain recognized the impossibility of sending a fleet to the Far East and instead planned a force of 3-4 battle cruisers to threaten Japanese lines of communication. Britain at the time was engaged in a policy of govt austerity with the planning expectation of no war for 10 years which was put in place in 1919 and was continually rolled forward to prevent expenditures for war preparation for next 10 years. This resulted in Britain struggling to maintain warship requirements for ships not limited by treaty. This period of austerity prevented the Royal Navy from completing the Singapore naval base or prepositioning adequate fuel supplies.
With the outbreak of WWII Prime Minister Churchill despite over two years of fighting including the Royal Navy air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto still believed in the outdated notion that capital ships could survive in a region where there was a large air threat. He believed that fast capital ships could perform the role that the Bismarck had done against the British by tying down the Royal Navy with its presence. Churchill did not recognize that the scenarios were not in the same in the Atlantic and in the Far East. He failed to understand that the Bismarck example worked because it was an offensive threat to British lines of communication. The Royal Navy's intent in the Far East was to use the capital ships defensively to protect British lines of communication. The ships were to prevent the Japanese Navy from raiding British lines of communication by posing a threat to detached elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Churchill notion was proven false with the sinking of Force Z by Imperial Japanese Navy land based aircraft. Churchill loved the Royal Navy but this disaster was just one of many instance going back to WWI which made it obvious that Churchill did not understanding maritime strategy and effective use of naval forces to win wars.
The book does an excellent job depicting the evolution of the Royal Navy from the fleet of Jutland with overwhelming superiority to the treaty restricted fleet that expected to have to fight a superior navy. This led the Royal Navy to investigate concepts commonly attributed to Japan of night combat and use of destroyers and cruisers to weaken an opposing fleet. Obviously the Japanese were much better at applying those techniques than the Royal Navy was in WWII. The Singapore strategy evolved from a large battle fleet designed to engage the Japanese fleet in a Jutland style battle into a smaller number of ships that were supposed to interdict the Japanese lines of communication. The Singapore Strategy ultimately became untenable due to the circumstances of the rise of Italy and Germany as threats making it impossible to send a useful force to the Pacific. That circumstance was not foreseeable or something that any plan could have overcome with the available resources. Britain showed bad judgment in ending their alliance with Japan which was done to curry favor with the US because the US was not interested in a defensive alliance with the British. The end of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance meant the UK had no practical maritime ally in the Far East to make up for Royal Navy weakness. It calls into question the advisability of giving up the treaty with Japan for a relationship with the US that was not willing to provide material support in the region.
The Royal Navy also moved away from complicated battle orders that restricted subordinate initiative to a more Nelson like approach that pushed subordinate commanders to take advantage of opportunities as they appeared. Main battery control also evolved to promote more use of fleet controlled concentrated firing to make sure that all enemy ships were engaged. The book notes that the Royal Navy's reliance on technology to address the ASW and AAW defense problems were seriously flawed.
The book talks about pre-WWII exercises intended to test the reinforcement of Singapore concept which were generalist in approach and not set up to specifically address the logistical complexities involved in relieving Singapore. The author also addresses the deficiencies in Royal Navy aircraft theory and development in comparison with the US and IJN. He addresses the British approach to aircraft carrier vulnerability of designing ships with armored flight decks and sides which were designed as much with gunfire in consideration as air attack. The Japanese approach was to rely on numbers of easily converted merchant ships into carriers. In that one instance the British showed more foresight than either the US or Japan. It is interesting that the use of chemical weapons at sea in the next war was assumed and war gamed. The decline of the Royal Navy's ability to protect its Far East and Indian colonies paralleled the decline of the British Empire. It is a very good treatment of a topic very rarely written about and is strongly recommended.
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